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Similar developments with other compounds have produced a plethora of new devices, concepts, and techniques that have together been termed controlled-release technology (CRT).
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These studies suggest that skin and buccal and nasal mucous membranes may have use as alternate routes of analgesic and anesthetic delivery. Numerous animal and human investigations have provided an increased understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles that govern the action and disposition of potent opioid analgesics, inhalation anesthetic agents, sedative/hypnotics, and muscle relaxants. It is interesting to note that considerable work and many publications from USA, Europe are authored by Indian researchers. Delivering drug at controlled rate, slow delivery, targeted delivery are other very attractive methods and have been pursued vigorously. Improving safety efficacy ratio of “old” drugs has been attempted using different methods such as individualizing drug therapy, dose titration, and therapeutic drug monitoring. Nanoparticles composed of biodegradable polymers show assurance in fulfilling the stringent requirements placed on these delivery systems, such as ability to be transferred into an aerosol, stability against forces generated during aerosolization, biocompatibility, targeting of specific sites or cell populations in the lung, release of the drug in a predetermined manner, and degradation within an acceptable period of time.ĭevelopment of new drug molecule is expensive and time consuming. These include liposomes, proliposomes, microspheres, gels, prodrugs, cyclodextrins, among others. For this purpose, several drug delivery systems have been formulated and are being investigated for nasal and pulmonary delivery.
These routes provide promising alternatives to parenteral drug delivery particularly for peptide and protein therapeutics. For the treatment of human diseases, nasal and pulmonary routes of drug delivery are gaining increasing importance. Drug delivery is the method or process of administering a pharmaceutical compound to achieve a therapeutic effect in humans or animals.